When it comes to dental disease, our pets are great at hiding signs of discomfort. Common signs of dental disease in our companion animals can include difficulty or abnormal chewing, drooling, or dropping of food when eating, bleeding along the gums, discolored teeth, reluctance to eat, tartar, or halitosis (i.e., bad breath). 

Stressors can derive from physical, social, and/or environmental causes. In the veterinary setting, we see patients with separation anxiety, thunderstorm/noise phobia, and travel phobias to name a few. While these examples may not evoke a strong stress response for humans, they can certainly impact our pets.  

There are several environmental influences on the reptilian microbiome. Proper husbandry is of utmost importance in maintaining a healthy reptile in captivity.

The skin is the largest organ of the body for both humans and companion animals. It is one of the first lines of defense against the external environment.

Companion parrots are not considered domesticated animals. In fact, they are very closely related to their wild counterparts. However, some of the more prominent differences between companion parrots and wild parrots can be found in their guts.